Is the new UK government prepared to rise to the challenge of investing in energy efficiency measures and reducing the country’s energy use? asks Andrew Warren, chair of the British Energy Efficiency Federation in an article in the July/August issue of Energy in Buildings & Industry.
In recognition of the new Government’s determination to deliver the potential that greater investment in energy efficiency offers, Andrew celebrates the availability of over 500 research projects, each setting out in detail how these improvements can best be achieved. The main insight is that energy demand management matters. Use of energy is fundamental to a modern society, but it is currently the main driving force of greenhouse gas emissions. That therefore has to change a lot. Furthermore, analysis confirms it has to be reduced, made more flexible and switched to decarbonised fuels. Reducing the amount of energy that needs to be decarbonised, reduces the cost of the transition. This is an important message for the UK. It is an important message for all of us.
Identifying ways to reduce energy demand
The UK has a new Government. It arrives determined to deliver the potential that greater investment in energy efficiency offers. These are acknowledged to be ‘wins “all round- in economic, social and environmental terms. Every plausible scenario for delivering climate targets depends critically on delivering these improvements; it is rarely the headline finding, but always a major component.
The key question remains: how best to deliver this potential? Fortunately, for the past six years, there has been a major project, funded by UK Research & Innovation, that has been exploring precisely these answers.
The Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions (CREDS) has been run by an Oxford University professor, Nick Eyre. A man with a very practical background in the subject. Prior to becoming an academic, he worked at a senior level for the Energy Saving Trust.
An active County Councillor, he was a key figure seconded to the Cabinet Office, helping create the first energy White Paper for 30 years, launched by Tony Blair in 2003.Over two decades ago, it elucidated the entire case for an energy efficiency/renewables-based future .
And way back in 1989, he helped prepare the energy efficiency case presented at Margaret Thatcher’s first Cabinet away day on the ‘greenhouse effect”.
This event included identification of potential emission reductions of 477 MtCO2 within 30 years.
These were deemed grossly over ambitious by the energy establishment at the time. But they have nonetheless been achieved. Practically half these savings have come from improvements in energy efficiency These have been spread across the three major categories of energy use: electricity (32%, 123 Mt CO2) heating (34%, 68 Mt CO2) and transport (17%, 33 Mt CO2).
Energy demand matters
A full re-analysis of what has actually been achieved to date can be found on the Centre’s website credsadmin@ouce.ox.ac.uk. In addition, there are approaching 500 other publications drawn from academics based throughout the UK involved in this initiative, the vast majority of these fully peer-reviewed.
On the website, these have been grouped under nine different “themes”. The overall findings of the six year project can be found in 15 one-page topic summaries, each of which provides links to the underlying evidence base.
The CREDS consortium has a wide range of perspectives. For a collection of academics this is inevitable, and healthy. But there are some insights that are commonly shared.
The first is that energy demand management matters. Use of energy is fundamental to a modern society, but it is currently the main driving force of greenhouse gas emissions. It therefore has to change a lot. The analysis confirms it has to be reduced, made more flexible and switched to decarbonised fuels. Reducing the amount of energy that needs to be decarbonised, reduces the cost of the transition.
The work reasserts the importance of energy efficiency improvements, and importantly identifies the huge boost to its potential offered by electrification. But also established is that some of the broader benefits of demand reduction (e.g. for health, energy security and green employment) also require more fundamental change in the systems that drive energy use, in particular shifts to a circular economy.
Reducing consumption
Going forward, CREDS’ analyses show clearly that current UK energy consumption can be halved by 2050. And critically the policy measures that need to be introduced, and enforced, to achieve this.
The research has consistently found that fairness matters: not just because it is normatively important, but also because perceptions of fairness or otherwise affect public support for change.
All this means that managing demand for energy is central to the shift to sustainable energy within the zero emissions concept.. Conceptualising changing energy demand purely in terms of ‘individual responsibility’, ‘greener choices’ or ‘behaviour change’ simply misses the point.
Just like changing energy supply, changing demand requires changes in infrastructure, technology and business models. For many people, this may well be CREDS’ most surprising insight. It certainly also means that existing institutions and policies will not be adequate.
Previous UK governments failed to address this key conclusion. All significant change takes time and effort. Particularly in democracies, a ‘long march through the institutions’ is needed. And there are positive signs that these insights are beginning to have traction.
Efficiency first
Internationally, more recent UN assessments are placing much greater emphasis on changing demand for fuel, broadly supporting the CREDs analysis of the scale of the potential. The International Energy Agency consistently refers to energy efficiency as ‘the first fuel’ and the European Commission actively promotes ‘Energy Efficiency First’.
In the UK, some similar shifts can be seen in reports from the Climate Change Committee, the National Infrastructure Commission and the Government Office of Science. And there are positive signs in the Scottish and Welsh governments and many local authorities, as well as forward-thinking businesses and civil society organisations.
For research funders the CREDS initiative has a clear message: inter-disciplinary approaches are still needed. They can be hard work, but the challenges of changing demand require multiple perspectives. As importantly, ‘changing energy demand’ is not a single topic; the challenges are diverse and require in-depth knowledge of specific sectors, technologies and energy services. Expertise matters and should be supported.
One of the biggest long term-benefit of CREDS will be from the skills and commitment of the people its’ existence has brought together. They are part of the generation that will help Government map the pathways through to complete decarbonisation.
As his professorship becomes “emeritus”, wise leaders in the new UK administration should be expressing considerable gratitude to Nick Eyre, for the very remarkable groundwork his foresight in creating the insightful CREDS initiative has provided for them.
Energy in Demand - Sustainable Energy - Rod Janssen 